Which of the following entities are involved in the risk adjustment program of the Affordable Care Act?

The risk adjustment program of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is designed to redistribute funds among insurance plans to encourage the coverage of individuals with varying health statuses and to mitigate insurance market risks. The appropriate entities involved in this risk adjustment program primarily include qualified health plans offered through the ACA exchanges.

Qualified health plans are those that comply with ACA regulations and are sold on the health insurance exchanges, which means they participate in the risk adjustment program to help ensure plans are adequately compensated for enrolling higher-risk populations.

Self-insured health plans and Medicare Advantage plans operate under different regulatory frameworks and have distinct risk management strategies, which means they do not participate in the ACA's risk adjustment mechanism.

Thus, the correct answer highlights that none of the mentioned options, other than qualified health plans on the exchange, are encompassed within the risk adjustment program parameters specified by the ACA. Consequently, the assertion that "none of the above" is involved in the risk adjustment program aligns with the specific regulatory focus of the ACA.